Fermionic systems are being cooled to enormously low temperatures so that it seems realistic to expect new insights into the very mechanism of high-temperature superconductivity that motivated much of the field in the first place 8. Using quantum simulators, it can be understood how disorder – a notion of randomness in quantum systems – may prevent expectations from quantum statistical mechanics to be fulfilled 7. Already with present architectures, long-standing physics puzzles can be freshly tackled: To name three examples, it has been seen how notions of temperature can emerge in complex quantum systems 4. With such quantum simulators, entirely new perspectives open up. Quantum annealers can also be seen as instances of quantum simulators, in the way that they are special purpose devices for which quantum error correction is out of scope 6. In digital simulators, reminiscent of quantum computing, dynamics of Hamiltonian systems is kept track of by means of quantum gates 5. In these endeavors, one distinguishes three types of quantum simulators: In analog simulators, actually Hamiltonians of physical systems are rebuilt in the laboratory to study their behavior in conditions inaccessible to the original 4. Charged ions can be kept at bay by suitable potentials in ion traps 3. Cold atoms in optical lattices allow the simulation of lattice models in settings in which single atoms are precisely lined up along the potential minima of standing wave laser light 2. This is mostly due to experimental developments, giving rise to a number of platforms in which large arrays of single quantum systems such as atoms or ions can be experimentally probed. In recent years, the field of quantum simulation has been developing rapidly. ![]() These quantum simulators, as they are called today, promise to largely overcome this bottleneck, due to the highly beneficial scaling of resources.
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